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121	Mathematics	ABS-89
Developing Higher Order Thinking in Mathematics Learning through Challenging Mathematical Task: A Single Subject Study on Gifted Students Kadir Kadir (a*), Dedek Kustiawati (b), Hania Rahmah (c) a), b) Department of Mathematics Education, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta c) Master of Mathematics Education Study Program, Universitas Pendidikan Bandung Abstract This research aims to analyze higher order mathematical thinking skills of gifted students before, during, and after being given challenging mathematical tasks. This research was conducted At a State Madrasah Tsanawiah in Depok City. The research method used is single subject research with A-B-A design. The subjects of this study were 3 students who were included in the gifted student category. The research instrument used was a test. The results of this study revealed that the highest order mathematical thinking skills of all subjects were obtained during the intervention condition (B). Higher order mathematical thinking skills of gifted 1 and 3 students at baseline 2 (A2) were higher than baseline 1 (A1) while higher order mathematical thinking skills of gifted 2 students at baseline 2 (A2) were lower than baseline 1 (A1). In general, the conclusion of this study is that the giving of challenging mathematical tasks consisting of stages of relate, investigate, communicate, evaluate, and create can improve higher order mathematical thinking skills of gifted students which includes analyzing, evaluating, and creating. Keywords: higher order mathematical thinking, single subject research A-B-A, challenging mathematical task, gifted studentslease Just Try to Submit This Sample Abstract Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Kadir Kadir)

122	Mathematics	ABS-93
The development of a teaching module with a discovery learning model based on High Order Thinking Skills assisted for Circle material in Senior High School Dwi Antari Wijayanti, Alim Wicaksono, Tri Murdiyanto Department of Mathematic Education, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta Timur, Indonesia, 13220 Abstract This study is motivated by the low learning outcomes and students^ ability to solve problems on the circle material. Based on the needs analysis, there is a need for a module that can support learning on circle material. This research aims to develop a teaching module with a discovery learning model based on High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) assisted by animation on circle material. In addition, it is also to determine the feasibility of teaching modules developed according to material experts, linguists, and media experts and to determine the results of students^ responses to field trials on circle material in class XI SMA. This research is included in the Research and Development type that uses the 4D development model with four main stages: define, design, develop, and disseminate. The subjects of the field trial were teachers and students of class XI SMA Negeri 30 Jakarta. The assessment instruments used are validation instruments and questionnaires given to material and language experts, media experts, teachers, and students. The results showed that the module with a HOTS-based discovery learning model assisted by animated video was feasible to be used for grade XI high school students. The results of material and language expert validation obtained an average result of 90.82% with very feasible criteria and the results of media expert validation also showed an average score of 83.65%. Teacher responses in the small group field trial showed an average score of 90.63%, and the large group field trial showed an average score of 96.87%, which showed both had very feasible criteria. In testing on students, it was also seen that the response of students in the small group field trial showed an average score of 89.53%, and the large group field trial showed an average score of 90.47%, which showed that the trials in small and large groups had very feasible criteria. Keywords: Module, discovery learning, 4D model, circle. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Dwi Antari Wijayanti)

123	Mathematics	ABS-94
Optimization Strategy for Students^ Mathematical Visual Thinking Skills through Graphing Quadratic Worksheets: A Rasch Modeling Approach Ria Noviana Agus (a), Rina Oktaviyanthi (a*), Usep Sholahudin (a) a) Department of Mathematics Education, Universitas Serang Raya, Serang-Banten 42162, Indonesia Abstract This study aims to develop a detection model and an optimization strategy for enhancing students^ mathematical visual thinking skills by using graphing quadratic worksheets through the Rasch Modeling approach. Data were collected from students who completed worksheets that encompass three aspects of visual thinking: Visual Discrimination (VD), Visual Perception (VP), and Visual Analysis of Shapes (VS). The analysis was conducted using the Wright Map to map students^ abilities and item difficulties, along with the Item Characteristic Curve (ICC) and Item Information Function (IIF) to assess the probability of correct responses and the information provided by each item. The Wright Map results indicate that students^ abilities range from 12.5 to 25, with an average of 17.5. The most challenging item is related to VP, followed by VS and VD. The ICC and IIF analyses suggest that each item contributes significant information at different levels of student ability. The optimization strategy focuses on restructuring challenging items to enhance students^ overall mathematical visual thinking skills. These findings provide insights into how quadratic graph-based evaluation tools can be effectively utilized in mathematics education to identify and develop students^ mathematical visual thinking skills. Keywords: Graphing Quadratic Worksheets- Learning Optimization- Mathematical Visual Thinking- Rasch Modeling- Wright Map Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Rina Oktaviyanthi)

124	Mathematics	ABS-96
phi-well-centered pairs of rings Rahul Kumar, Deepti Department of Mathematics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Abstract Let H be the set of all commutative rings with unity whose nilradical is a divided prime ideal. The concept of phi-well-centered pairs of rings in class H is introduced to generalize the concept of well-centered pairs of domains. Keywords: Well-centered pairs of domain, phi-well-centered pairs Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Rahul Kumar)

125	Mathematics	ABS-99
STEADY MIXED CONVECTION BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW OVER A PERMEABLE HORIZONTAL SURFACE OF A WEDGE Leli Deswita Departement of mathematics, FMIPA Riau of university Abstract This study presents similarity solutions for steady laminar mixed convection boundary layer flow over a permeable horizontal surface of a wedge in a viscous and incompressible fluid. The similarity solutions of the governing boundary layer equations are obtained for some values of the suctions/injection parameter the constan exponent m of the wall temperature as well as the mixed convection parameter . The resulting system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is solved numerically for both assisting and opposing flow regimes using an implicit finite-difference scheme. Numerical results for the skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number, and the velocity and temperature profiles are obtained for various values of parameters considered. Both assisting and opposing flows are considered. For the assisting flow the solution is unique, and both the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number increase with , while for the opposing flow dual solutions are found to exist. Keywords: Mixed convection, boundary layer, permeable horizontal, similarity solutions Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Leli Deswita)

126	Mathematics	ABS-102
Mathematical Proof Through Toulmin Argumentation Schema: A Systematic Literature Review Putri Haryani Syahar (a*), Lukman (a) a) Mathematics and Science Education Department, Indonesia University of Education Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi no. 229, Bandung 40154, Jawa Barat, Indonesia *putriharyanishr[at]upi.edu Abstract Proof and argument are integrated mathematics entities that should be taught in the learning process. Much research has promoted Toulmin argumentation schema to represent the quality of students mathematical proof. Previous research identified using a qualitative approach to analyze mathematical proof using Toulmin argumentation schema. A systematic literature review selected 20 eligible papers published in databases. It was conducted using a PRISMA diagram to screen the papers. The findings showed a variation in the quantity of studies completed during the previous fourteen years. The majority of the research was conducted on secondary students, undergraduate students, and mathematics teachers. The specific mathematics topics that were investigated include algebra, geometry, mathematical induction, calculus, and probability. The analysis showed that the structure of students^ arguments was collapsed into elements: there are data, claim, warrant, backing, rebuttal, and qualifier. Determination types of proof were a common blunder in examining warrants. These different types of proofs can be categorized into a hierarchy, for students to move from one kind to the next, as a result, students need to develop their ability to internalize and decontextualize their reasoning. Thus, It is important to investigate students mathematical proof using Toulmin Schema, with research continuously being conducted. Reviewed research attempts to determine the extent of usability and limitations in this literature. Keywords: Mathematical proof, Argumentation, Toulmin schema, SLR Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Putri Haryani Syahar)

127	Mathematics	ABS-104
INTEGRAL HYPERGRAPHS OF THE DIRECT PRODUCT OF FANO PLANE AND LATIN SQUARES OF ORDER 3 Mulia Astuti and Zulfia Memi Mayasari Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bengkulu, Jalan WR Supratman Kandang Limun Bengkulu, 38125 Abstract The Hypergraph products have been a good way to construct a larger hypergraph from small ones. One of commonly studied hypergraph products is direct product. A hypergraph is called integral if all the eigenvalues of its adjacency matrix are integers. In this paper, We study two classes of hypergraphs, namely, Fano Plane and Latin Squares of Order 3. We show that two classes of hypergraphs are integral. Furthermore, we determine the direct product both of them. We prove that the hypergraph direct products preserve the integrality. Keywords: Integral Hypergraphs, Direct Product, Fano Plane, and Latin Squares Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Mulia Astuti)

128	Mathematics	ABS-105
Solving Bus Evacuation Problem Using Simulated Annealing Khusnul Novianingsih*, Kartika Yulianti, Ririn Sispiyati Mathematics Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Science Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung 40132, Indonesia *k_novianingsih[at]upi.edu Abstract A problem to evacuate residents in urban region to emergency shelter locations using available public transport infrastructures is considered in this paper. Well known as a bus evacuation problem, the problem is formulated as a binary integer programming model to determine the shortest routes for vehicles based on capacitated vehicle routing model. Then, Simulated Annealing Algorithm is implemented to solve the model. The algorithm starts by generating an initial solution that meets the vehicle capacity constraints at a high temperature. In each iteration, the temperature will be reduced and a new solution is generated using the exchange, insertion, or reversion method. The new solution with a better objective function value will be accepted as a temporary solution. Otherwise, it may be accepted with a certain probability. The algorithm stops if the final temperature is reached. The numerical results show that the algorithm produces the optimal vehicle routes with minimum total distance and it provides the minimum number of vehicles required to evacuate all residents. Keywords: Bus Evacuation Problem- Evacuation Route- Simulated Annealing- Optimization- Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Khusnul Novianingsih)

129	Mathematics	ABS-106
Application of Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) Method on Acute Respiratory Infection (ISPA) Spread Model Yolanda Norasia, Dinni Rahma Oktaviani, Devi Marita Putri UIN Walisongo Semarang Abstract Environmental pollution adversely impacts ecosystems and human health. The function of cilia in cleaning foreign substances from the respiratory tract can be inhibited by pollution, leading to Acute Respiratory Infection (ISPA). Therefore, pollution control efforts are significant in maintaining air quality and preventing the spread of ISPA. The spread of ISPA can be predicted mathematically to control pollution. Because diverse pollution sources can complicate the modeling and prediction of the spread of ISPA, a sophisticated method is needed, such as the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). The advantage of the EnKF method is that it can increase the accuracy of predictions in the short term. This is important because it can influence decision-making during a disease outbreak. This study predicts the spread of ARI with a mathematical model X (Population not yet affected by Pollution)-P(Population affected by Pollution)-Y(Population infected) using the EnKF method. Keywords: ISPA Mathematical Model, Kalman Filter, EnKF Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (YOLANDA NORASIA)

130	Mathematics	ABS-114
The Properties of Prime Modulo Integer Matrices in Fermat^s Equation Ibnu Hadi (1,a), Yudi Mahatma (1,b), Devi Eka Wardani Meganingtyas (1,c), Ratna Widyati (1,d), Andi Tabina Maggusila Zain (1), Aurelia Adinda Setyo (1), Ulwan Qotadah (1), Vira Vinola Kharisma Alam (1) 1) Matematika-FMIPA, Universitas Negeri Jakarta Jalan Rawamangun Muka, Jakarta Timur 13220, Indonesia a)corresponding author: ibnu_hadi[at]unj.ac.id b) yudi_mahatma[at]unj.ac.id, c)deviekawm[at]unj.ac.id d)ratna.widyati[at]unj.ac.id Abstract The Fermat^s equation can be applied in matrix. This paper discusses the properties of prime modulo integer matrices in this equation. We derive the properties on matrices using algrebaic concepts such as ring. Here we proposes some theorems associates with the propertis in matrices. Keywords: Fermat^s equation, prime integer modulo matrices, ring, Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Ibnu Hadi)

131	Mathematics	ABS-115
Project-Based Learning Assisted by Videos, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer Applications in the Educational Data Analysis Course Jackson Pasini Mairing (a*), Sugiharto (a), Sry Rita Puspitasari (a) a) Mathematics Education Department, University of Palangka Raya *jp-mairing[at]math.upr.ac.id Abstract Data analysis without using computer applications takes a long time, and the chances of errors increase. Additionally, data analysis learning needs to be linked to the students^ academic context. The research aimed to describe the effect of implementing project-based learning assisted by videos, artificial intelligence, and computer applications on students^ ability to analyze data. The research subjects were 34 mathematics education students from a state university in Central Kalimantan who took the Educational Data Analysis course during the 2024/2025 academic year. The research was a quasi-experiment with a one-group pretest-post-test design. The instruments used were the Learning Plan, the pretest, the post-test, the project assignment, and the YouTube videos. The results showed that each group independently completed the assignment, namely reanalyzing data from some theses using Microsoft Excel and Minitab within seven meetings. The students, in groups, were able to explain the statistical concepts/procedures, and draw conclu-sions from the data after learning through the videos and the artificial intelli-gence. The effectiveness of this learning was demonstrated by improvement in the pretest to the post-test scores, with a normalized gain in the medium category. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Computer Applications, Project, Statistics Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Jackson Pasini Mairing)

132	Mathematics	ABS-129
Enhancing Rational Number Learning Through TaRL-Based E-Modules and Local Wisdom to Strengthen the Pancasila Student Profile Saleh Haji- Yumiati- Effie Efrida Muchlis- Cindy Samya Putri Universitas Bengkulu- Universitas Terbuka- Universitas Bengkulu- Universitas Bengkulu Abstract The development of information technology has had a positive impact on mathematics learning, particularly in the form of electronic learning resources. Additionally, integrating local wisdom (culture) as a learning context can help students grasp mathematical concepts while reinforcing the Pancasila Student Profile. This study aims to determine the impact of electronic module learning based on Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) and local wisdom on rational number learning outcomes in upper-level schools, with the goal of strengthening the Pancasila Student Profile. The research method used was descriptive, aiming to illustrate the impact of electronic module learning on rational number outcomes in class VII of SMPN 1 Bengkulu City. The subjects consisted of 38 students from class VII.4 at SMPN 1 Bengkulu City, with the study conducted during the 2024-2025 Odd Semester. The research instrument consisted of 13 essay questions on rational numbers, all of which were valid with an r range of 0.349373 to 0.853427. The test set was reliable with r = 0.871369. Data were analyzed using t-tests and N-Gain analysis. The data were normally distributed and homogeneous, with p (Sig.) = 0.167 > 0.05 and p (Sig.) = 0.433 > 0.05. The results indicated a significant difference in rational number learning outcomes between students taught using the electronic modules based on TaRL and local wisdom and those taught using conventional methods, with a significance value of 0.038 and an N-Gain of 0.70, categorized as high improvement. The average pretest score was 36.324, while the posttest score was 76.162. The study concluded that electronic module learning based on Teaching at the Right Level and local wisdom positively impacts rational number learning outcomes in upper-level schools and effectively strengthens the Pancasila Student Profile, with a high category of improvement. Keywords: Electronic Module, TaRL, Local wisdom, Learning outcomes, Pancasila Student Profile Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Saleh Haji)

133	Mathematics	ABS-132
Exploration of Spatial Ability in Descriptive Geometry Course among Mathematics Education Students at Universitas Negeri Jakarta Aris Hadiyan Wijaksana (a), Yaya Sukjaya Kusumah (a) a) S3 Pendidikan Matematika, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Abstract This research is motivated by the low spatial ability of students in the Descriptive Geometry course, which is one of the essential skills for Mathematics Education students. Referring to Maier^s (1998) theory of spatial ability, which categorizes spatial ability into dynamic mental processes (visualization, mental rotation, and spatial orientation) and static mental processes (spatial relations and spatial perception), this study aims to explore the spatial abilities of students attending the Descriptive Geometry course. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with the course conducted over 16 sessions and tests administered in the 8th and 16th sessions, followed by in-depth interviews. The results show that students who struggled with the tests tend to lack spatial perception, spatial relations, and spatial orientation abilities. However, there is a case where a student, despite making mistakes, demonstrated good spatial perception, relations, and orientation abilities. A new type of spatial ability, referred to as spatial projection ability, was discovered, which had not been previously identified. This discovery highlights the need for further in-depth research to explore spatial projection ability. Keywords: Descriptive Geometry- Spatial Ability- Spatial Projection Ability Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Aris Hadiyan Wijaksana)

134	Mathematics	ABS-134
Assessing Online Collaborative Problem-Solving Performance of Educational Program Students based on the Net Promoter Score Survey Muhamad Arif Mahdiannur (a), Rooselyna Ekawati (a*), Mukhtamilatus Sa^diyah (a) a) Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya Abstract Collaborative problem solving (CPS) is vital for knowledge workers in modern workplaces and industries. CPS is a major focus in the skills taught from school to higher education level today. On the other hand, disruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic has also led to efforts to continue practicing CPS in an online learning environment to this day. The purpose of this research is focused on exploring and assessing the performance of online CPS skills of prospective teachers based on their learning experiences. The emphasis on exploring students^ personal learning experiences is expected to provide greater insight into the online CPS effectiveness in the learning process. This survey researches one group by applying the Net Promoter Score (NPS) scale. Fifty-eight students in the mathematics educational program were involved in this research. This research focused on four indicators of online CPS, namely communication, contribution, coordination, and problem solving. The results showed that in general, more students were in the passives category (72.41%) compared to the number of students in the promoters and detractors^ categories. The majority of students in the promoter category were from rural and sub-urban areas. Students who are in the passives and detractors^ categories mostly come from urban areas. The biggest challenge for students is in the activity of contribution and coordination among members in the team. The VSMPR results of the correlation between contribution and coordination were also the lowest, followed by coordination and communication, and coordination and problem solving. The results of this research show a level of reliability that exceeds the Cronbach^s alpha and McDonald^s omega criteria. Based on the results of this research, it is necessary to design an online CPS learning model and environment for the initial teacher education level to reduce the passives and detractors^ category. Keywords: Collaborative problem solving- Online learning- Future teacher- Teacher education- Net promoter score Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Muhamad Arif Mahdiannur)

135	Mathematics	ABS-137
Dekzan Conjecture: Singularity of Manhattan Distance^s Geometric Representation Kenzie Faza Ramadhan, Dean Refangga Setiadi SMAS Laboratorium Percontohan - Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Abstract The purpose of this research is to find the existence of singularity in Manhattan distance geometric representation like the geometric representation in geometry Euclid which every geometrical object such as point, line, plane, etc. has singularity. The research was conducted to find out if such singularity also existed in taxicab geometry especially the geometric representation of Manhattan distance as the fundamental function of distance in Taxicab geometry. The research was done by exploring the geometric representation of Manhattan Distance, applying some changes, observing the outcome, making a conjecture, and proposing the proof. The result shows that a kind of singularity was found and based from this a conjecture is created, whom can be said as a singularity in Manhattan Distance. However, the systematic proof is still needed as it stills in the form of a conjecture. For future research, findings suggest to research on another geometrical object and explore more about Taxicab geometry. Keywords: Singularity- Manhattan distance- Taxicab geometry Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Kenzie Faza Ramadhan)

136	Mathematics	ABS-138
Design and Implementation of Mathematical Literacy-Oriented Learning: Teachers^ Perspectives and Practices Patrisius Afrisno Udil (a), Al Jupri (b*), Elah Nurlaelah (c) a), b), c) Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Science Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia *aljupri[at]upi.edu Abstract Teachers^ knowledge of mathematical literacy and their ability to design and implement mathematical literacy-oriented learning play an important role in promoting students^ mathematical literacy. This study aims to analyze teachers^ perspectives and practices in designing and implementing learning treatments for enhancing students^ mathematical literacy. A qualitative method with a case study is carried out in this research. Subjects in this research consist of 6 mathematics teachers (2 junior high school teachers and 4 senior high school teachers) at Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Province. Data collection techniques in this study were conducted using questionnaires, observation, documentation, and interviews. The data were analyzed descriptively based on the data obtained from the research instruments. The result of the study indicates that teachers believe their knowledge of mathematical literacy is very good and claim to be able to design and implement mathematical literacy-oriented learning well. However, document analysis, observations, and interviews with respondents also indicated that teachers^ knowledge and skills to design and implement mathematical literacy-oriented learning still need to be improved. A specific characteristic of teachers^ lack of knowledge and skills in designing and implementing mathematical literacy-oriented learning is discussed in this study. Keywords: mathematical literacy- teacher perception- teacher practice- learning design- mathematics learning Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Patrisius Afrisno Udil)

137	Mathematics	ABS-140
The Difficulties of High School Mathematics Teachers in Bengkulu City in Implementing Project-Based Learning Dewi Rahimah (a), Tria Utari (a*), Anny Sovia(b) a)Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Bengkulu Jalan WR Supratman, Kota Bengkulu 38371A, Indonesia *triautari[at]unib.ac.id b)Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Jakarta Jalan Rawamangun Muka, Jakarta Timur 13220, Indonesia Abstract Project-based learning is one of the teaching models developed to implement the independent curriculum. The purpose of this research study is to investigate mathematics teachers^ difficulties in implementing project-based learning. The findings of this research study can help provide a broad picture of the difficulties experienced by teachers in applying student-centred learning to the teaching of mathematics in high schools. This study involves a case study methodology with a qualitative approach. Visnovska and Cobb^s (2015) data adaptation analysis and Remillard^s (2018) study data collection are combined in this research process. The research study^s findings indicated that, of the 42 high school mathematics teachers in Bengkulu City who participated, (a) 52.38% of the teachers had problems implementing project-based learning- (b) The teachers^ difficulties in implementing project-based learning were related to learning matters, time allocation, learning media, and students- and (c) Project-based learning difficulties often and always made 38% of the teachers less motivated to do so and obstructed 45% of the teachers from implementing it. Keywords: The independent curriculum, Student-centred learning, Project-based learning Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Tria Utari)

138	Mathematics	ABS-141
Levels of Cognitive Demand of Assessment Tasks Presented in the Junior High School Grade 8 Ministry-Published Mathematics Textbook Dewi Rahimah (a*), Agus Susanta (b), Edi Susanto (a), Tria Utari (a) (a) The Study Program of Bachelor of Mathematics Education, The Faculty of Teacher Training and Pedagogy, Universitas Bengkulu Jl. W.R. Supratman, Kandang Limun, Bengkulu, Indonesia 38371A dewirahimah[at]unib.ac.id (b) The Study Program of Master of Mathematics Education, The Faculty of Teacher Training and Pedagogy, Universitas Bengkulu Jl. W.R. Supratman, Kandang Limun, Bengkulu, Indonesia 38371A Abstract Indonesia is now developing a new curriculum, known as the independent curriculum. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia published mathematics school textbooks to assist the implementation of the independent curriculum. The mathematics school textbooks present assessment tasks for students. Mathematical tasks having high levels of cognitive demand can stimulate students^ motivation and classroom participation in learning mathematics as well as create productive learning mathematics (Ni et al., 2018). It is important to know the levels of cognitive demand of assessment tasks in Ministry-published textbooks. This study examined the levels of cognitive demand of assessment tasks presented in the Junior High School Grade 8 Ministry-published Mathematics Textbook. This study is qualitative in nature. This study used textual analysis with the coding method to gather data. Then, the data was analysed descriptively. This study found that tasks with low levels of cognitive demand dominated the assessment tasks given in the Ministry-published textbook. Mostly, the low levels of cognitive demand are procedures without connections. The assessment tasks presented in the textbook did not adequately promote high levels of cognitive demand. The assessment tasks rarely included doing mathematics, which is the highest level of cognitive demand. Keywords: Levels of cognitive demand- Mathematics textbook- Assessment tasks Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Dewi Rahimah)

139	Mathematics	ABS-144
Pseudo-Thinking in Solving Static and Dynamic Covariational Problems Jamilah, Sandie (Corresponding Author), Nurfadilah Siregar, Syarifah Fadillah, Evin Susanti, Radina Faradita Universitas PGRI Pontianak Universitas PGRI Pontianak Universitas Tanjungpura Universitas PGRI Pontianak Universitas PGRI Pontianak Universitas PGRI Pontianak Abstract This research explored students^ understanding of various mathematical problems involving pseudo-thinking, referring to shallow and mechanical understanding without grasping the deeper mechanisms. Through a qualitative study with a case study approach, the researcher analyzed students^ pseudo-thinking in solving covariational problems in both static and dynamic contexts. The study was conducted with fifth-semester Mathematics Education students at two different colleges. Tests and in-depth interviews revealed that students often demonstrated pseudo-thinking by solving problems procedurally without understanding the fundamental principles underlying the relationship between variables in both static and dynamic covariational problems. Furthermore, while students could solve problems procedurally, they were unable to provide reasoning for each of the steps they had completed. Keywords: pseudo-thinking, covariational problems Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Sandie Sandie)

140	Mathematics	ABS-149
Learning Trajectory of Mathematics Teaching Materials STEAM-Based Bengkulu Local Context for Elementary School Students Edi Susanto, Agus Susanta Universitas Bengkulu Abstract Teaching materials are needed to support elementary school students in constructing an understanding of mathematical concepts. The stages of the student mathematics learning process can be carried out by designing a Hypothetical Learning Trajectory (HLT). HLT can be designed using the STEAM model and integration of the local Bengkulu context. This research aims to describe the HLT design of STEAM teaching materials based on the local Bengkulu context of fraction material for elementary school students. The study was carried out in stages: analysis, design, and design testing. The test subjects involved 20 elementary school students in Bengkulu City. The results of the research show that fraction teaching materials in elementary schools can be integrated with STEAM aspects and given problems in the local context of Bengkulu. The open material design received a good response from students and teachers in its application. Keywords: Design Research, Hypothetical Learning Trajectory, STEAM, Bengkulu Local Contexts Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Edi Susanto)

141	Mathematics	ABS-153
Learning Obstacle of Angle in Geometry: Between Spatial Sense and Geometry Basic Concept Dean Refangga Setiadi SMAS Laboratorium Percontohan - Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Abstract The purpose of this research is to find the real problem in learning the concept of angle in geometry. The underlying problem of this research was the results of some study which stated that the lack of spatial sense was the root of all problem in learning the concept of angle in geometry. This research done by test, interview, textbook analysis, and class observations. Based on the results and discussions, the learning obstacles in this concept are the lack of student^s geometry basic concept and spatial sense, the missing concept of angular measure in textbooks and learning process, and student^s learning activity that was more in the form of accepting rather than constructing. It concludes that the lack of spatial sense was not the root of problem in learning this concept, but the lack of geometry basic concept in student^s understanding that resulting in weak ability of student^s spatial sense. For future research, we consider developing a didactical design with angular measure concept as the main learning framework. Keywords: Learning obstacle- spatial sense- angular Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Dean Refangga Setiadi)

142	Mathematics	ABS-163
A comparison of the effects of Motivation and Self Regulated Learning to Students^ Statistical Reasoning with Project Based Learning in Public and Private Universities Nurul Astuty Yensy. B Bengkulu University Abstract Several recent studies have shown that students^ statistical reasoning was still a fairly basic level, namely transitional reasoning. After implementing Project Based Learning (PjBL), statistical reasoning improved at the procedural reasoning level. It will supported by the growth of students^ motivation and self-regulated learning, which is high after implementing PjBL, especially for students at public universities. This study examines in more depth how the comparison of the influence of motivation and self-regulated learning on students^ statistical reasoning using the PjBL at public and private universities. The population of this study was students in the second year of the Mathematics Education Undergraduate Study Program at Universities in Bengkulu City who had taken advanced statistics courses with the PjBL totaling 115 students, namely 61 students at the public university, 54 of students at the private university students. The instruments used motivation and self-regulated learning questionnaires and statistical reasoning tests. Data analysis used path analysis. The report research showed that at public universities, motivation and self-regulated learning impact statistical reasoning through self-regulated learning. While in private universities, motivation and self-regulated learning did not have a direct impact on statistical reasoning. Keywords: Please Just Try to Submit This Sample AbstractMotivation, Self Regulated Learning, Statistical Reasoning, Project Based Learning, Public Universities, and Private Universities Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Nurul Astuty Yensy. B)

143	Mathematics	ABS-166
Analysis of ANTAM Gold Prediction Using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) Algorithm Nur Aziza Luxfiati (a*), Alhadi Bustamam(a), Titin Siswantining (a) (a*) Department of Mathematics, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia *nur.aziza11[at]ui.ac.id Abstract Gold is an important component in banking and stock markets^ economic and financial status. Gold has a fluctuating price trend. Various factors influence gold price fluctuations, including economic factors such as the supply and demand of gold. It is therefore difficult to accurately predict trends with traditional statistical models. This research uses Antam^s gold stock price as data and compares the LSTM and GRU algorithms in predicting gold prices. Therefore it is hoped to obtain an algorithm with the best level of accuracy as a consideration for investors in making investment decisions. The results of this research state that predicting gold prices using the GRU algorithm is better than LSTM. The GRU model using batch size 32 and epoch 150 obtains an accuracy of 98,26% while the LSTM model using batch size 32 and epoch 150 obtains an accuracy of 96,26%. Keywords: Gold, Using Long Short-Term Memory, Gated Recurrent Unit, Prediction Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Nur Aziza Luxfiati)

144	Mathematics	ABS-169
Graph Representation of the Set of Solutions of Fermat^s Equation over General Linear Group Yudi Mahatma, Ibnu Hadi, Sudarwanto Universitas Negeri Jakarta Abstract In 2023, Hadi et al. found some solutions of Fermat^s equation over general linear group &#119866-&#119871-_2(&#8484-_&#119901-) where &#119901- is 2 or 3. In this research, we will represent the solution in graph form and analyze the properties to find some general patterns. Keywords: Fermat^s equation, general linear group, graph Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Yudi Mahatma)

145	Mathematics	ABS-176
Dyscalculia Tendency: A Barrier to Mathematical Reasoning? Resminati Dinda Salisa, Meiliasari, Anny Sovia Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta Timur, Jakarta Abstract Exploring students^ mathematical reasoning ability, particularly those with a tendency toward dyscalculia, is a critical aspect of understanding the factors that influence their mathematical learning and performance. This study aims to describe the mathematical reasoning ability of students with dyscalculia tendency. This study is a case study and utilizes the Creswell model for analyzing data, which consists of six stages. This study included 15 junior high school students with dyscalculia tendency, determined by their previous mathematics test scores, which then categorized the level of tendency using the Dyscalculia Checklist. Students^ mathematical reasoning ability was measured using a mathematical reasoning ability test. The results revealed that students with a higher tendency towards dyscalculia typically exhibit poor mathematical reasoning ability. Additionally, students with a lower dyscalculia tendency demonstrate poor mathematical reasoning ability. However, some students in this study do not exhibit the typical characteristics of students with dyscalculia tendencies. One student with low dyscalculia tendency displays very poor mathematical reasoning skills. In conclusion, students with dyscalculia tendency demonstrate competence in basic mathematical reasoning. However, the majority struggle to apply arithmetic operations to solve more complex reasoning problems. Moreover, these students is prone to developing mathematical misconceptions. Keywords: Dyscalculia, Mathematical Reasoning Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Resminati Dinda Salisa)

146	Physics	ABS-7
Exploration of High School Students^ Creative Thinking Abilities on Dynamic Fluid Materials Dhinar Asri Intantri, Parno, Supriyono Koes Handayanto Physics Education Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Malang State University. Jalan Cakrawala No 05, Sumbersari, Lowokwaru, Malang City 65145, Indonesia Abstract The aim of the research is to explore students^ creative thinking abilities on the topic of Fluid Dynamics. This quantitative research with a survey design involved 94 class XII students at a public high school in Malang, Indonesia. This research uses a Creative Thinking Test instrument in the form of 9 essay questions with a Cronbach^s Alpha reliability of 0.702 (high). The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics followed by ranking classification based on the Fluid Dynamics subtopic and each indicator of students^ creative thinking. The survey results showed that the students^ creative thinking ability scores were in the low category, both in fluid dynamic material and in the sub-material of Toricelli^s theorem, the venturi effect, and aircraft lift force. Nor. Other results show that on the fluency and elaboration indicators students have been able to reach the medium category, but on the flexibility and originality indicators they are only in the low category. Further analysis shows that the score distribution is dominated by low scores. This is because students find it difficult to provide varied answers and develop their imagination abilities so that the creative aspect does not grow optimally. Therefore, the ability to imagine real life problems should be emphasized in learning, for example through a project-based learning model integrated with STEAM, students will be given the freedom to think and explore according to the understanding and experience they have gained. Keywords: Exploration, Creative Thinking Abblity, Dynamics Fluids, Project Base Learning, STEAM Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Parno Parno)

147	Physics	ABS-11
Analysis of High School Students^ Critical Thinking Ability on Static Fluid Material Lailatul Jamalia (a*), Parno (a), Khusaini (a), Ardiana Hanatan (a) a) Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Malang State University Jalan Semarang 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia *lailatul.jamalia.2003216[at]students.um.ac.id Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the critical thinking skills of high school students on the topic of Static Fluids. This type of research is quantitative descriptive. This study involved 95 grade XII students at SMAN 3 Pamekasan who had taken the material. This study used a critical thinking ability test instrument in the form of 15 essay questions with a Cronbach^s Alpha reliability of 0.840. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics followed by classification based on the Static Fluids subtopic and the level of critical thinking skills. The survey results showed that the average score of students was 48.72. Other results showed that the subtopics had an average value, namely hydrostatic pressure 48.73, Pascal^s law 62.16, and Archimedes^ law 41.79. Meanwhile, when viewed from the average value of each indicator, namely thinking as hypothesis testing 42.04, argument analysis 39.44, likelihood and uncertainly analysis 39.51, problem solving and decision making 39.09, and reasoning 43.51. Critical thinking skills are caused by students^ difficulties in mastering concepts, therefore it is necessary to use learning that can explore these abilities such as Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics (STEAM). Keywords: Critical Thinking, Static Fluid Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Lailatul Jamalia)

148	Physics	ABS-19
Eta-Prime Meson Photoproduction until Spin-7/2 Resonance using Isobar Model Dzulfiqar Fauzan Rabbani, Billie Rizky, Agus Salam, Imam Fachruddin Departemen Fisika, FMIPA, Universitas Indonesia Abstract Eta-prime meson photoproduction on the nucleon has been studied with effective lagrangian approach using isobar model. Effective lagrangian will be used to calculate invariant amplitude for s-channel and u-channel Born term, t-channel vector-meson exchange term, and resonance spin 1/2, spin 3/2, spin 5/2, and spin 7/2. Invariant amplitude calculated by using analitic and numeric method which then will be obtained differential cross section. The result of differential cross section will be compared with experimental data. This work will also predict polarization observable. Keywords: Eta-prime meson photoproduction, Effective lagrangian, Isobar model, Nucleon Resonance, Invariant amplitude Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Dzulfiqar Fauzan Rabbani)

149	Physics	ABS-24
Analysis of the Potential of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Object Transport Applications Based on the Internet of Things in Disaster-Prone Areas in Indonesian Volcanoes I Kadek Agus Sara Sawita (a*), Abdul Muid (a, b), Maria Evita (a), Suprijadi (a), Mitra Djamal (a) a) Department of Physics, Bandung Institute of Technology Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia *agussarasawita[at]gmail.com b) Department of Physics, Tanjungpura University Jl. Prof. Dr. H Jl. Profesor Dokter H. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, 78124, Indonesia Abstract There are many natural disaster-prone areas in Indonesia, especially volcanic areas, with 127 active volcanoes. Currently, many people still live around volcanic areas because they have several advantages such as fertile soil, abundant natural resources, and interesting tourism potential. The impacts of natural disasters due to volcanic eruptions include threats to life, economic losses, climate change, air and water pollution. One of the important things in every evacuation during an eruption is the distribution of logistics for the survival of the community in the evacuation site. Roads that were blocked or damaged during the eruption made it difficult for rescue team to help the victims. In this situation, UAVs can be used to transport objects/goods such as food, drinks, and medicines to natural disaster areas to help the victims. A hexacopter-type UAV was used in this study for object/goods transportation. The potential of UAV for object transportation is carried out with variations in loads weighing 0 kg- 1.16 kg- 5.51 kg and 10.34 kg. The data such as altitude, speed, battery consumption, distance, and flight time are then analyzed to determine the UAV^s ability to transport objects in areas prone to volcanic disasters. Through the Internet of Things system, the data is also successfully displayed on the Node-RED dashboard. Keywords: UAV, Object Transport, Internet of Things, Node-RED, Disaster-Prone Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (I Kadek Agus Sara Sawita)

150	Physics	ABS-28
The Diagnosis of Dengue Virus Using Principal Component Analysis and Random Forest Based on Raman Spectroscopy Aldo Novaznursyah Costrada, Nina Siti Aminah, Dessy Natalia, Mitra Djamal Bandung Institute of Technology Abstract The diagnosis of dengue virus based on Raman spectra of dengue virus infected and non-dengue blood serum has been developed and proposed in this study. Raman spectral data from dengue virus infected blood serum samples were used for classification using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) combined with Random Forest (RF) classifier. Experimental and quantitative analysis is based on blood serum samples that have been diagnosed with dengue virus through NS1 and IgG/IgM testing. The ratio of training data and test data used in this model was 8:2 of the total data. The Iterations of 50 times and estimators of 100 decision trees were applied to each model. The proposed technique has shown good potential to be used in the differentiation between dengue and non-dengue virus infected sera. PCA-RF technique yielded 95.89% accuracy while RF showed 89.05% accuracy. Keywords: Dengue Virus, PCA, Random Forest, Raman Spectroscopy Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Aldo Novaznursyah Costrada)

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