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31	Economics	ABS-77
The Impact of Job Stress, Burnout, and Organizational Support on Affective Commitment Through Work-Life Balance Prayekti, Didik Subiyanto, Syamsul Hadi, Shifa Megarani, Didik Wahyu Setiawan Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa, Indonesia Abstract Rapid organizational transformation demands adaptive and innovative human resource management (HRM) to maintain competitiveness. Human resources play an important role in bridging the gap between labor availability and operational demands. This study used a quantitative method conducted at Dr. Soedirman Regional General Hospital (RSUD), Kebumen, with variables including job stress, organizational support, job burnout, affective commitment, and work-life balance. From a population of 950 employees, the sample was determined using the Slovin formula, which resulted in a sample size of 91. The sample selection was conducted using purposive sampling method. The questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument with a Likert scale of 1-5 and distributed through two methods, namely online and offline. The collected data will be analyzed in two parts, namely descriptive and inferential analysis, with the help of the SPSS and SMARTPLS programs. The findings of this study are expected to provide information on HR strategies tailored to meet the unique needs of each generation, as well as encourage affective commitment through stress reduction, burnout management, and work-life balance. By tailoring organizational practices according to generational preferences, healthcare institutions can enhance employee well-being, strengthen commitment, and improve service quality, ultimately having a positive impact on patient care outcomes. The implications of the findings of this study are expected to be used by RSUD management in HR management to achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively Keywords: organizational support- job burnout- work stress- affective commitment- work-life balance. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Shifa Megarani)

32	Economics	ABS-82
Career Development As Continuous Transformation Head of Unit of PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. Erfan Robyardi, Mohamad Adam, Zunaidah. Universitas Sriwijaya Abstract Career Development As Continuous Transformation Head of Unit of PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. Erfan Robyardi, Mohamad Adam, Zunaidah. Universitas Sriwijaya Keywords: Career, Human Capital, Division, Worker Rights. In order to develop employee careers, BRI has implemented a Talent Management System as an integrated BRI talent management framework that includes 5 (five) stages, namely Attraction , Identification, Selection Stages , Development, Succession. Human Capital management organization consists of 2 (two) Divisions under the direct supervision of the Director of Human Capital and 2 (two) Divisions under the supervision of the SEVP Human Capital Strategy.. Paying Attention to the Rights of Female Workers Guaranteed by the State. Female workers have their own uniqueness compared to male workers. The reasons are because first, biological factors, namely giving birth and breastfeeding and menstruation. In accordance with organizational demands by utilizing equipment resources supported by reliable human resources. Keywords: Career, Human Capital, Division, Worker Rights Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Erfan Robyardi)

33	Economics	ABS-85
The Role of Digital Technology as an Intervening in Optimizing Business Strategy and Performance of MSMEs in Demak Regency Sulistyorini (a*), Ayu Nurafni Octavia (a), Any Setyarini (a), Afshoqul Miftah (a), Etsa Limar Hita (a). a)Fakultas Ekonomi, Universitas Semarang, Semarang Jalan Soekarno Hatta Rt. 007 Rw. 007, Tlogosari Kulon, Indonesia Abstract Special attention is needed because the implementation and utilization of the digital economy assess the success of MSMEs. The higher the optimal performance goals of MSMEs are, the more obstacles there are to achieving that performance. This study aims to identify variables that influence performance. Digital technology, techno-ownership, and business strategy are the variables considered in this study. With the help of Smart PLS (Partial Square Least) Version 4, a quantitative approach was used in this study. In this study, the researcher combined non-probability sampling with convenience sampling. Since it is impossible to identify the exact population size, the sampling in this study refers to Hair^s statement, and there are 109 respondent samples. The relationship between the research variables is then ascertained using the questionnaire-based data collection approach. Based on the results of the PLS test of the study, the company^s strategy positively and significantly influences digital technology. MSME performance is positively and significantly influenced by business strategy. MSME performance is positively and significantly influenced by digital technology. Digital technology can moderate the impact of business strategy on MSME performance in the mediation test. Keywords: Business Strategy, Digital Technology, MSME Performance. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Sulistyorini Sulistyorini)

34	Economics	ABS-89
The Influence of Financial Literacy, Financial Inclusion, Financial Technology, and Business Capital on MSME Performance Hamdan Fathoni (a), Pristin Prima Sari (b), Ratih Kusumawardhani (c) Faculty of Economy, Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa University Jl. Kusumanegara No. 157 Umbulharjo Yogyakarta Abstract This research aims to determine the influence of financial literacy, financial inclusion, financial technology, and business capital on the performance of MSMEs. The number of MSME actors in Bantul Regency has continued to going from 49,801 business units in 2020 to 86,833 business actors by the end of 2022. This research uses a quantitative method with a sample size of 126 MSME actors from various sectors located in Bantul Regency, and data analysis techniques utilize SPSS. The results of this study indicate that financial literacy has a positive and significant effect on MSME performance, financial inclusion does not have a positive and significant effect on MSME performance, financial technology has a positive and significant effect on MSME performance, and business capital has a positive and significant effect on MSME performance. This research is useful for business actors to improve MSME performance through basic financial knowledge, utilizing access to financial institutions, using financial-based technology, and managing capital to develop their businesses. Financial literacy enhances the ability of MSME actors to manage finances and access financing services. Financial inclusion expands access to various financial services, which supports the stability and sustainability of businesses. Fintech offers more efficient and innovative solutions for the financial needs of MSMEs, while sufficient business capital enables expansion, product development, and financial stability. Keywords: Financial literacy, Financial inclusion, Financial technology, Business capital, and MSME Performance Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Hamdan Fathoni)

35	Economics	ABS-90
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT BEHAVIOUR GEN-Z Hilda Ika Ihsanda (a*), Ratih Kusumawardhani (b), Risal Rinofah (c) Faculty of Economy, Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa University Jl. Kusumanegara No. 157 Umbulharjo Yogyakarta. Abstract This research is motivated by the financial problems experienced by Generation Z in the current era of globalization. The problem is marked by the consumptive behavior exhibited by Generation Z, such as spending money on the internet, making excessive expenditures, and prioritizing lifestyle needs. Therefore, financial management behavior is needed by Generation Z to address these financial problems. This research aims to identify the factors that influence financial management behavior. This research uses a quantitative method, with a sample size of 171 Generation Z individuals in Yogyakarta. Data analysis technique using SPSS version 25. The results of this study indicate that the variables of financial literacy, financial attitude, and financial self-efficacy have a positive and significant impact on financial management behavior. Meanwhile, the variable of locus of control does not have an impact on financial management behavior. Good financial literacy can improve personal financial well-being. A good financial attitude towards financial self-efficacy will help Generation Z in budgeting their money, managing their finances, and making decisions about long-term savings. The results of this research are expected to provide insights about financial management to everyone, especially Generation Z. Keywords: financial literacy, financial attitude, locus of control, financial self-efficacy, and financial management behavior. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Hilda Ika Ihsanda)

36	Economics	ABS-106
The Influence of Organizational Support and Inclusive Leadership on Employee Innovative Behavior with Extrinsic Motivation as an Intervening Variable (Study at Financial Institutions in Semarang City) Rafa Zacky Firzatullah* , Muhammad Zhia Al Arafi, Asih Niati, Teguh Ariefiantoro Faculty of Economics, Semarang University, Semarang, Indonesia. Abstract This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of perceived organizational support and inclusive leadership on employee innovative behavior at financial institutions in Semarang City both directly and indirectly between these variables by applying an intervening model, where extrinsic motivation acts as an intervening variable. This research was conducted because there are still employees who have not reached the optimal level of innovative behavior and there are differences in results from previous studies. The population of this study is the entire labor force working in Semarang City, totaling 873,358 people. The Slovin technique was used to determine the sample. The sample was collected through non-probability sampling technique with purposive sampling type, which was selected based on predetermined criteria. The sample consisted of 141 respondents. Data collection used was a questionnaire with a Likert scale from 1 to 7. Data analysis was carried out using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques, which included a series of steps such as assumption testing, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability testing, goodness of fit evaluation, causality testing, and empirical model testing. The results of this study indicate that organizational support, inclusive leadership, and extrinsic motivation directly have a positive and significant effect on employee innovative behavior.Extrinsic motivation is able to mediate organizational support on innovative behavior significantly, while inclusive leadership is not significant.It is still necessary to improve employee welfare, leadership availability, company policies, and realization of ideas.Future research is expected to examine other variables related to employee innovative behavior. Keywords: Perceived Organizational Support, Inclusive Leadership, Innovative Behavior, Extrinsic Motivation Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Rafa Zacky Firzatullah)

37	Economics	ABS-107
The Effects of Unionisation on Labour Income Share in Developed Economies Maria Praptiningsih (a*), Dyah Wulan Sari (b) a) Economics Department, Faculty of Economics and Business, Airlangga University, Jalan Airlangga 4-6 Surabaya, Indonesia, School of Business and Management, Petra Christian University, Jalan Siwalankerto 121-131 Surabaya, Indonesia * mia[at]petra.ac.id b) Economics Department, Faculty of Economics and Business, Airlangga University, Jalan Airlangga 4-6 Surabaya, Indonesia Abstract The role of unions becomes a critical issue since it has prominent effects, not only to the improvement of workers benefits, but it is also related to the employers objectives. The unions have drawn more attention because they are typically bargaining over all aspects of an employment contract includes wages, working hours regulation, overtime pay, fringe benefits, employment security, and the coverage of health and safety standards in the working environment. Unions remain indispensable in enhancing the collective bargaining strength of labour towards the employers and concerning the labour market. Consequently, a significant challenge has emerged for unions in the past three decades. Union membership level has declined significantly in the advanced capitalist economies. Ultimately, this paper investigates the effects of unionisation on labour income share in developed economies. This study applies panel data of twenty-five developed countries and the time period of study is seven years annually covers from 2011 to 2017. The study analyses the following primary research question concerning labour income shares. Do the unionisation and other control variables have significant impact on labour income share. According to the model specification, there is a primary hypothesis that has been generated both as theoretically and empirically framework to be investigated. It defines whether the trade unions has a positive and significant impact on labour income share through its membership and its role in improving collective bargaining coverage as one of the primary goals of trade unions in the labour market. Keywords: Labour Income Shares, Trade Unions, Collective Bargaining Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Maria Praptiningsih)

38	Economics	ABS-108
Impact of Financial Conditions on Taxpayer Compliance: A Moderated Analysis Ardiani Ika Sulistyawati1*, Willyanto Kartiko Kusumo2, Rr. Lulus Prapti Nugroho Setiasih Surjanti3, Dian Triyani4, and Arief Himmawan Dwi Nugroho5 Universitas Semarang Abstract This research investigates how the tax service quality, vehicle tax socialization, and tax sanctions influence taxpayer compliance, with taxpayer financial conditions serving as a moderating factor. The sample comprised 120 respondents selected through purposive sampling, all of whom were interviewed at three One-stop Administration Services Offices in Semarang and had outstanding vehicle tax payments from 2019 to 2022. Data was collected via questionnaires.The hypotheses were evaluated using multiple linear regression analysis, incorporating moderation variables with the aid of structural equation modeling. Findings indicated that service quality and tax socialization positively affect taxpayer compliance, while the tax penalty does not. Additionally, taxpayer financial conditions positively enhance the effects of tax socialization and tax penalties Keywords: Vehicle Tax Socialization, Tax Sanctions, Taxpayer Compliance Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Wafda vivid Izziyana)

39	Economics	ABS-118
ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF PRODUCT DEFINITION, REFERENCE GROUPS AND SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING ON STUDENT SATISFACTION WITH MEDIATION OF PURCHASING DECISIONS (Study at STIE IEU Yogyakarta) Rian Larasati1, a), Ambar Lukitaningsih1, b) Muinah Fadhilah3, c) , Henny Welsa4,d), Erwin Hanggoro Agung Nugroho5,e Department of Magister Management, Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa Yogyakarta, Indonesia Abstract This study aims to analyse the effect of product differentiation, reference group, and social media marketing on student satisfaction at STIE IEU Yogyakarta, with purchase decision as the mediating variable. This study uses a quantitative method with a population of all STIE IEU Yogyakarta students, totalling 160 people.Primary data was collected through a questionnaire instrument given directly to students. This research questionnaire uses a scaling technique with a Likert scale of 1 to 5.Data processing and analysis using the Inferential Partial Least Square (PLS) method, variance-based SEM using smart PLS software version 3, which goes through 3 stages of testing: indicator test, model fit test and hypothesis testing .Product differentiation is expected to increase attractiveness and uniqueness, while reference groups play a role in shaping students^ preferences and attitudes towards the products offered. Social media marketing, as an effective communication platform, is able to increase interaction and engagement, which contributes to purchasing decisions. The results of the analysis show that there is a significant relationship between the three independent variables and student satisfaction, with purchasing decisions as a mediator that strengthens the influence. The findings provide insights for educational institutions in formulating more effective marketing strategies to increase student satisfaction and purchase decisions. Keywords: Keywords: product differentiation, reference group, social media marketing, student satisfaction, purchase decision. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (RIAN LARASATI)

40	Education	ABS-1
^Elevating Excellence: Analyzing Educator Performance at SPN Purwokerto^ Medy Dwi Indardi1, Suwito Eko Pramono2, Tri Joko Raharjo3, Arief Yulianto4 Universitas Negeri Semarang Abstract Abstract This study aims to evaluate the performance of educators at the Sekolah Polisi Negara (SPN) Purwokerto. Educator performance is a crucial factor that directly impacts the quality of graduates produced. This research employs a descriptive quantitative method by collecting data through surveys and interviews with educators and students at SPN Purwokerto. The results indicate that the overall performance of educators at SPN Purwokerto is good, characterized by a high level of competence and professionalism. Key determinants of educator performance include teaching experience, mastery of subject matter, teaching methods, and interpersonal relationships with students. However, the study also identifies several areas for improvement, such as enhancing pedagogical skills through more innovative approaches and adapting to modern educational technologies. The implications of these findings suggest the need for continuous professional development programs for educators and the enhancement of learning facilities at SPN Purwokerto. This research provides valuable insights for improving the quality of education within police institutions and serves as a foundation for developing future strategies to enhance educator performance. Keywords: Educator Performance, SPN Purwokerto, Evaluation, Police Education Keywords: Please Just T Educator Performance, SPN Purwokerto, Evaluation, Police Educationry to Submit This Sample Abstract Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Medy dwi indardi)

41	Education	ABS-75
The Role of Digital Presentation Tools in Fostering Diversity and Sustainability in University English Classes Anandha (a*), Dini Anggraheni (b), Citra Andriani Kusumawati (c), Wildan Wicaksono (d), Aldo Widyanto (e) a, b, c, d, e ) Economics Faculty, Semarang University Jalan Soekarno-Hatta, Kec. Pedurungan, Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia 50196 *anandha[at]usm.ac.id Abstract In the digital age, technology is becoming more and more important to education. It is changing the way that conventional teaching approaches are taught and encouraging inclusion in a variety of classroom environments. Semarang University is embracing the digital era, transforming traditional teaching methods and promoting inclusivity in diverse classrooms. This study investigates the impact of digital presentation tools, such as integrated LCDs and online slide presentation platforms, on student participation and understanding in university-level English classes. The research focuses on the English grammar material of parts of speech, particularly within the Economics Faculty. The study highlights the relationship between modern technology and the sustainability of student learning outcomes, highlighting how these tools support diverse backgrounds and learning styles. The findings suggest that digital presentation tools not only enhance student interaction but also contribute to a sustainable learning process, improving academic performance and knowledge retention. Keywords: Digital Presentation Tools, Diversity in Education, Sustainable Learning Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Anandha Anandha)

42	Education	ABS-81
HYLED 5.0 (Hybrid Laboratory Based on Education 5.0) Learning Model to Improve Writing Tatas Transinata, Rati Riana, M Burhan Hanif Universitas Semarang (USM) Abstract Hybrid Laboratory is a media that facilitates online and offline learning model with the integration of technology and constructive learning. The aim of this research is to develop a learning model based on Education 5.0 with a Project based Learning model and to analyze the effectiveness of HYLED 5.0 (Hybrid Laboratory based on Education 5.0). HYLED 5.0 is a learning model developed through the R & D Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation research method, which was carried out at Nusaputera Vocational School with a population of 87 students. Syntax HYLED 5.0 is Determination of project questions and topics, Project planning with problem object orientation, Utilization of Technology for information gathering, Collaborative teamwork in project work using Virtual Lab, Guidance and evaluation, and Presentation using Virtual Lab. The results of the three expert validity tests were 86.3, 82.2, and 87.1 so it can be concluded that the HYLED learning model is valid and can be used as a learning model. The results of the writing skill improvement test were N-gain was 0.87. These results indicate that the HYLED 5.0 learning model is effective in improving students^ English skills. Keywords: Hybrid Laboratory is a media that facilitates online and offline learning model with the integration of technology and constructive learning. The aim of this research is to develop a learning model based on Education 5.0 with a Project based Learning model and to analyze the effectiveness of HYLED 5.0 (Hybrid Laboratory based on Education 5.0). HYLED 5.0 is a learning model developed through the R & D Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation research method, which was carried out at Nusaputera Vocational School with a population of 87 students. Syntax HYLED 5.0 is Determination of project questions and topics, Project planning with problem object orientation, Utilization of Technology for information gathering, Collaborative teamwork in project work using Virtual Lab, Guidance and evaluation, and Presentation using Virtual Lab. The results of the three expert validity tests were 86.3, 82.2, and 87.1 so it can be concluded that the HYLED learning model is valid and can be used as a learning model. The results of the writing skill improvement test were N-gain was 0.87. These results indicate that the HYLED 5.0 learning model is effective in improving students^ English skills. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (TATAS TRANSINATA)

43	Education	ABS-94
Direct Method Impact on the Students^ Speaking Ability: A Case of Non-English Department Students of Semarang University Stefani Dewi Rosaria(a*)- Devy Angga Gunantar (b)- Hetty Catur Ellyawati (c) (a)(b)(c) Universitas Semarang Jalan Arteri Soekarno-Hatta, Tlogosari-Semarang, Indonesia *stefani[at]usm.ac.id Abstract This research investigates the implementation of the Direct Method in English language learning, particularly in improving students^ speaking ability. The research method used is classroom action research (CAR) in which the researchers apply two cycles. In each cycle, the researchers apply four stages, planning, taking action, observing, and reflecting. First, planning is used as a preparation before the method is implemented. Next is taking action, which means the Direct Method is implemented in the classroom. Third, the researchers observe how the Direct Method is being applied, and the last is the reflecting stage in which the researchers reflect all the research processes after the method is conducted. This cycle is repeated in the second cycle. The result shows that the Direct Method positively impacts the students^ speaking ability. Most of the students have actively participated in the class activity. Moreover, students looked motivated to improve their speaking ability by having plenty of discussions and cooperation with their fellow students. Keywords: direct method- impact- speaking ability- CAR Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Stefani Dewi Rosaria)

44	Law	ABS-7
SUSTAINABILITY OF SUPERVISION ON EFFECTIVE LEGAL PROTECTION OF INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT Wafda Vivid Izziyana, Endah Pujiasuti, Sukimin semarang University Abstract This research aims to identify and analyze the sustainability of effective supervision of the legal protection of Indonesian migrant workers (PMI) in the context of the social environment. The background of this research is based on the increasing number of migrant workers working abroad, as well as the various challenges faced regarding the protection of their rights, both from a legal and social perspective. The sustainability of consistent supervision is needed to ensure that Indonesian migrant workers receive proper and fair protection, both in the country of origin and in the destination country. The research method used is empirical juridical. qualitative approach with data collection techniques in the form of literature studies, in-depth interviews, and analysis of relevant policies. This research focuses on the legal, social, and economic aspects that influence the implementation of PMI protection, as well as the evaluation of existing policies. The results showed that although there are regulations governing the legal protection of PMI, the implementation of supervision is often still ineffective. This is due to limited resources, lack of coordination between agencies, and weak law enforcement in some destination countries. In addition, social factors, such as discrimination and marginalization, also become obstacles in ensuring sustainable protection. In conclusion, to create an effective legal protection system for migrant workers, efforts are needed to strengthen ongoing supervision, improve institutional capacity, and better collaboration between the government, civil society, and the private sector. In addition, a human rights-based approach should be the main foundation in designing policies that support legal protection for Indonesian migrant workers in their social environment. Keywords: Indonesian migrant workers sustainable protection- social environment Just Try to Submit This Sample Abstract Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Wafda vivid Izziyana)

45	Law	ABS-12
The Legal Framework for Personal Data Protection Amidst Hospital Competition: Ensuring Patient Safety in the Era of Healthcare Digitalization T. Keizerina Devi Azwar1, a), Ningrum Natasya Sirait2, b) 1) 2) Faculty of Law, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia a) Corresponding author: deviazwar[at]yahoo.com b) ningrum.sirait[at]gmail.com Abstract This study investigates the legal framework for protecting patients^ data in Indonesia, particularly in the context of increasing hospital competition and the digitalization of the healthcare sector. Through a literature review and legal analysis of regulations such as Indonesia^s Data Protection Law (UU No. 27 of 2022) and Health Law (UU No. 36 of 2009), this research aims to explore how these laws protect patient data amidst the growing use of digital health technologies, including Electronic Health Records (EHR) and telemedicine. The study also compares Indonesia^s legal framework with more advanced countries, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the United States. The findings reveal significant challenges in implementing existing regulations, especially as hospitals prioritize digitalization and patient acquisition over privacy protection. This research concludes with policy recommendations to strengthen Indonesia^s legal framework and improve compliance with data privacy standards in the healthcare sector. Keywords: Data- Personal- Healthcare Digitalization- Competition- Hospital Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (T Keizerina Devi Azwar)

46	Law	ABS-14
LEGAL POLITICS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDONESIA: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES Cholida Hanum (a*), Tri Wibowo (b) Universitas Islam Negeri Salatiga, Indonesia UIN Saizu Purwokerto, Indonesia Abstract The constitutional mandate states that education is the right of every citizen, even confirmed in article 34 paragraph (4) of Indonesian Constitution. The education budget allocation is 20% of the state budget to meet the needs for the implementation of national education. Education, which is the responsibility of the state, is then reduced to privatization. With this privatization, the paradigm of higher education changed from being a non-profit institution to a profit institution based on corporatization. This is proven by the increasingly expensive costs of higher education with the increase in single tuition fees. Even though this policy was not implemented this year, this does not mean that it will not be implemented next year and it also does not mean that this problem is resolved. This research examines how the direction of higher education policy is portrayed from the government^s perspective through applicable policies and regulations as well as other related legal products. This research is a type of normative legal research using secondary data, namely primary legal materials in the form of Indonesian Constitution, the National Education System Law, the Higher Education Law and Regulations from the Minister of Education, Culture, Research and Technology as well as related articles and books. The results of this research show that the government^s legal products have a market-based, neo-liberalistic paradigm that only prepares skilled workforce candidates instead of producing individuals who are intellectually, morally intelligent and contribute to society. Keywords: Legal Politics, Higher Education, Opportunities, Challenges. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Cholida Hanum)

47	Law	ABS-15
GENDER EQUALITY IN THE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM FOR FEMALE INMATES: STUDIES ON THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS SUBAIDAH RATNA JUITA, WAFDA VIVID IZZIYANA, AGUNG SANTOSO PRIBADI Semarang University Abstract Various international legal instruments have reviewed and regulated the treatment of gender-based women. Moreover, women who are involved in criminal cases and facing the law must be regulated in such a way that the content material that will be regulated in positive law still absorbs or absorbs principles that reflect the fair treatment of women. As a criminal justice subsystem that organizes law enforcement in the field of treatment of prisoners, children, and correctional assisted citizens (WBP), the Correctional institution plays a very substantial role starting from the pre-adjudication, adjudication, and post-adjudication stages. Through the Correctional System, the treatment of prisoners, children, and WBP is carried out through the Correctional function which includes service, coaching, community guidance, care, security, and observation by upholding respect, protection, and fulfillment of human rights. Imprisonment should be understood as the ultimate remedium (last resort). Moreover, the litigant is a woman who has a double burden (domestic role and reproductive function), such as breastfeeding while caring for and educating children. The problem in this paper is to identify and analyze the protection of human rights in the correctional system for female inmates who are studied based on gender equality. This study is the result of thinking with conceptual, case, and futuristic approaches, so the type of research used is normative legal research. Furthermore, the specification of this study is descriptive analytical. To get objective data, the type of data needed is secondary data. This data was taken by way of document / literature study using qualitative analysis methods. The results of the problem analysis in this paper show that there must be a structured and systematic mechanism that does not necessarily cut off the role of women as mothers in giving birth, breastfeeding, nurturing, and educating children. With the existence of Correctional Law No. 22 of 2022, the Ministry of Law and Human Rights as an extension of the government shows a responsive attitude to women^s needs and the values of justice for women who face the law and serve sentences in prisons or detention centers can be implemented. This is evidenced by the accessibility of a child from a prisoner or a child of a female inmate to be taken to a prison or prison or who was born in a prison can stay with his mother for a maximum of three years old. Keywords: Correctional System- Female Fostered Residents- Gender Equality- Human Rights Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Subaidah Ratna Juita)

48	Law	ABS-18
Reconstruction of the Legal Protection Policy for Indonesian Migrant Workers in Saudi Arabia Who Commit Crimes with the Threat of the Death Penalty Achmad Muchlis Student of Diponegoro University of Law Doctoral Study Program Semarang Abstract Indonesian Migrant Workers are foreign exchange heroes for this country, but protection is very minimal for the safety of migrants in its implementation, in guaranteeing protection and fulfilling the rights that migrant workers themselves should receive. The purpose of this study is: 1). to describe and analyze the construction of legal protection policies for Indonesian Migrant Workers in Saudi Arabia who commit crimes with the threat of the death penalty at this time- 2). to reconstruct the legal protection policy for Indonesian Migrant Workers in Saudi Arabia who commit crimes with the threat of the death penalty in the future. The research method applied in this study is the sociological juridical method (empirical juridical), based on secondary data (legal norms and legal documents for the implementation of telecommunications in Indonesia). The types of data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. Primary data were obtained from in-depth interviews with selected key informants. Key informants were determined purposively. The study was conducted descriptively analytically by describing the legal protection policies for migrant workers in Saudi Arabia who commit crimes with the threat of the death penalty. The results of this study are: 1). The construction of legal protection policies for Indonesian Migrant Workers in Saudi Arabia who commit crimes with the threat of the death penalty is currently that the protection efforts provided by the Indonesian Government to Indonesian Migrant Workers who are threatened with the death penalty in Saudi Arabia are through two forms of protection, namely Consular and Diplomatic. Consular protection is through litigation and non-litigation. The litigation approach can be in the form of providing legal aid services in this case competent lawyers and translators in their fields and assistance and providing legal consultations by the Indonesian Representative to Indonesian Migrant Workers during the trial process in the Saudi Arabian Court. While in terms of non-litigation, such as the Indonesian Representative visiting the victim^s heirs to ask for forgiveness for the migrant worker, approaching local leaders and community figures and formally approaching the local mayor and governor to obtain mediation assistance. Meanwhile, diplomatic protection efforts by the Indonesian Government to free Indonesian Migrant Workers who are sentenced to death are in the form of sending a letter or direct request from the president to the King regarding the release and commutation of the sentence of the Indonesian Migrant Worker concerned- 2). Reconstruction of the legal protection policy for Indonesian Migrant Workers in Saudi Arabia who commit crimes with the threat of the death penalty in the future that there are several other international convention regulations that also regulate the protection of Indonesian citizens, especially Indonesian Migrant Workers, which have been ratified but have not been made into national laws so that in their implementation they do not conflict with the laws and regulations. Keywords: Legal Protection- Migrant Workers- Death Penalty Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Achmad Muchlis)

49	Law	ABS-19
POST ISSUANCE MONITORING SYSTEM ENVIRONMENTAL APPROVAL OF RISKY ACTIVITIES TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Tri Mulyani1, Dewi Tuti Muryati2, Dharu Triasih3 Semarang University Abstract Every human being has the right to live in a healthy, clean and healthy environment. The state guarantees this right in the state constitution. The government seeks to protect environmental sustainability from risky business activities by issuing environmental approvals. Starting from this, the purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the post-issuance supervision system for environmental approvals for risky business activities in Semarang Regency to realize sustainable development. The research method used in this study is sociological juridical, with descriptive analysis specifications. The data used are primary data and supported by secondary data with qualitative data analysis methods. The results of the study indicate that the post-issuance supervision system for environmental approval of risky business activities in Semarang Regency to realize sustainable development carried out by the Environmental Supervisory Officer, consists of 2 systems, namely: First, direct supervision, carried out by visiting the business location and/or activities regularly or incidentally. and Second, indirect supervision, carried out by reviewing report data from the person in charge of the business and/or activities, data from the environmental information system. From the results of supervision, if a serious threat is found from the business activity, the supervisory officer can stop it by installing a sign and/or line, to prevent greater and wider impacts and losses. Keywords: System- Supervision- Environmental Approval- Sustainable Development Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Tri Mulyani)

50	Law	ABS-23
EDUCATION AS A HUMAN RIGHT:AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMPULSORY EDUCATION PROGRAM AS AN EFFORT TO FULFILL THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION Vera Waty Simanjuntak (a*), Dr. Waluyo, S.H., M.Si (b) Pascasarjana Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sebelas Maret Abstract ABSTRACT Vera Waty Simanjuntak, Dr. Waluyo, S.H., M.Si : Education as a Human Right: An Analysis of the Compulsory Education Program as an Effort to Fulfill the Right to Education. Education is the direction and determinant of the development of a nation because education is an investment for the creation of quality Human Resources (HR). Through education, a person can easily increase their potential so that they can improve their standard of living in a better direction. Various efforts have been made by the Government to improve the quality and equity of education. One of the efforts is to hold a compulsory education program that freezes the cost of education. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the compulsory education program through Government Regulation No. 47 of 2008 towards fulfilling the right to education as a human right. The method used in this research is normative legal research and in analyzing the data using George C Edwards III 1980 policy implementation theory. The results showed that the effectiveness of the compulsory education program has not been implemented properly, this is because the communication carried out to the community is still not optimal, there is still a lack of available resources, not maximizing the implementation of tasks, and the support of the bureaucratic structure is still not optimal. So that it requires socialization, coaching and mentoring carried out by the government to the community as well as increasing the amount of the education assistance budget and the number of schools and conducting joint evaluations on a scale between the government and the community. Keywords: Human Rights, Compulsory Education Program, Education. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Vera Waty Simanjuntak)

51	Law	ABS-25
Confiscation Of Corruption And Money Laundering Assets Building Equality And Ending Discrimination In Law Enforcement Manguni Wiria Darma Sinulingga (a), Alvi Syahrin (b), Mahmud Mulyadi (c), Sandi Nugroho (d), Rosmalinda (e). Doctoral Program, Faculty of Law, Universitas Sumatera Utara Abstract Corruption is an extraordinary crime, has a significant impact on the countrys economy, creates inequality income and poverty, reducing trust public to state institutions. The biggest impact of corruption is the loss of state assets that should be used for development and community prosperity. misused for personal or group interests disguised as laundering the proceeds of corruption. Confiscation asset results corruption and money laundering cut off eye chain crime corruption, restore state losses created equality just law. TPPU as act criminal advanced (follow up crime) from act criminal origin (predicate crime) corruption that results asset illegally laundered and distributed origin his suggestion. The seizure asset results corruption instrument law stop benefit finances enjoyed corruptor, deadly Power For do crime others, disconnect discrimination, building equality just law restore state losses to realize sustainable development. Law Number 8 of 2010 regulates about Prevention and Eradication of TPPU. This study aims to analyze the confiscation of illegal assets from corruption whose origins are disguised by money laundering, breaking legal discrimination that contributes to the development of an equal legal system for all parties, breaking the chain of corruption crimes, providing a deterrent effect, recovering state losses, providing legal equality that is just. Keywords: Expropriation Assets, Corruption, Money laundering, Discrimination, Equality Law Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Manguni Wiria Darma Sinulingga)

52	Law	ABS-26
Legal Challenges and Opportunities in Peer-to-Peer Lending: Ensuring Financial Diversity and Sustainability in the Digital Economy Nurhilmiyah- Hasim Purba- Zulkarnain Sitompul- Tengku Keizerina Devi Azwar Universitas Sumatera Utara Abstract Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending as part of fintech has developed rapidly in the digital economy era, offering more inclusive and flexible financing alternatives. While P2P lending provides opportunities to promote financial diversity and inclusion, legal challenges remain barriers to realizing the platform^s full potential. This article examines the legal challenges faced by the P2P lending sector, including regulatory ambiguity, consumer protection, data security risks, and cross-jurisdictional compliance issues. In addition, this article explores the opportunities offered by adaptive regulation and collaboration between stakeholders to create a legal environment that supports the sustainability of the sector. With a comprehensive analysis of the legal framework and recent developments, this article offers insights into how P2P lending can develop sustainably, while ensuring consumer protection and market stability. These findings are expected to make a significant contribution to the development of legal policies that support technological innovation in financial services. Keywords: P2P lending, tantangan hukum, peluang regulasi, keberagaman keuangan, keberlanjutan Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Nurhilmiyah Nurhilmiyah)

53	Law	ABS-28
Comparative Approach to Competition Law in the Digital Economy Sector Between Australia and Indonesia Ningrum Natasya Sirait, Rosmalinda, Robert, Ridho Pamungkas, Mohd. Effan Djodie, Liza Hafidzah Yusuf Rangkuti 1. Faculty of Law, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia 2. Indonesia Competion Commission, KPPU, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia Abstract Indonesia is predicted to dominate the Gross Merchandise Value (GMV) of the digital economy in Southeast Asia with US-82 billion in 2023 until 2030. Inline to this prediction, business actors faced problems competing in the digital economy due to no specific regulations available. How did the Indonesian Competition Commission (ICC/KPPU) enforce competition law in the digital economy sector? Literature and comparison study used as the methods in this study. As results, the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) of International Collaboration Services showed that Australia faces similar challenges as well as Indonesia- (1) The complexity of business models increased the possibility of monopolistic practices and unfair competition. (2) The companies with large data can have great market power and form a monopoly position. (3) Misuse of the digital platform market (4) Competition between old and new business actors. The four factors need KPPU to overcome the challenges: (1) KPPU must be able to fill the regulatory void on competition in the digital market as well as the narrow definition of relevant markets and business actors based on Law Number 5/1999 on the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. (2) the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), used the system approach in solving problems related to the digital market is to examine the digital market and make relevant findings or recommendations to the Australian government. As consequence, the ACCC could monitor and develop institutional capabilities. As recommendation: (1) Indonesian government need to respond wisely by providing legal certainty regarding the rules of competition supervision in the digital economy sector. (2) The Indonesian Government must accelerate the role of ICC-KPPU in supervising business competition in the digital economy era. Keywords: Digital, Economy, Comparison, Competition, Business Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Ningrum Sirait)

54	Law	ABS-30
The Urgency of Discretionary Powers by Regional Heads to Achieve Equitable Public Service Policies Steffi Seline Maryanne (a*), Sukamto Satoto (b), Faisal Akbar (c), Affila (c) a)Doctoral Student of Law, University of North Sumatera, Medan,20155,Indonesia b)Faculty of Law, University of Jambi, Jambi, 36361, Indonesia c)Faculty of Law, University of North Sumatera, Medan, 20155, Indonesia Abstract The main aim of this research is to thoroughly examine the critical role played by the direction and leadership of regional heads in ensuring the delivery of equitable public service.This study has revealed that the discretionary powers granted to regional heads can be effectively utilised to enhance and reform public service mechanisms, aligning them with the ever-evolving needs of society. The findings also show that the decisions made through discretion can significantly contribute to fairness and justice in public services. Moreover, discretionary power when applied responsibly in this context, helps to integrate social sustainability principles into public policy, fostering long-term social equity and also the well being for diverse communities. Thus, through prudent and well-considered discretionary actions, regional leaders can ensure that public services evolve in a manner that promotes long-term social well-being and equity for all members of society. Keywords: discretionary power, regional head, public service, policies Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Steffi seline maryanne)

55	Law	ABS-31
THE URGENCY OF CUSTOMARY LAND REGISTRATION (ANALYSIS OF MINISTER OF AGRARIA REGULATION NO.14 OF 2024) Ivana Novrinda Rambe (a*), M.Yamin Lubis (b), Rosnidar Sembiring (b), Tan Kamello (b), Rosmalinda (b) a) Faculty of Law, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Universitas 19, Medan 20132, Indonesia *fh[at]usu.ac.id b) Faculty of Law, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Universitas 19, Medan 20132, Indonesia *fh[at]usu.ac.id Abstract Customary Land is land owned collectively by indigenous peoples, whose control and utilisation are shared by the group of indigenous peoples. Ulayat land includes land, water and natural resources that exist on it. While the right to joint control and utilisation is called Hak Ulayat. Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution states that the state recognises and respects the unity of customary law communities and their traditional rights, as long as they are still alive and in accordance with the development of society and the principles of the Republic of Indonesia. However, there is no further legal regulation regarding customary land registration. Due to the absence of regulations on customary land registration, disputes and polemics over land ownership on customary land often occur. To anticipate this polemic, the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning issued a regulation on customary land, namely the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning of the National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Permen ATR / BPN) number 14 of 2024 concerning the Implementation of Land Administration and Land Registration of Customary Land Rights of Indigenous Peoples. So the existence of this regulation on customary land registration is considered necessary to find out more about how the urgency and effectiveness of customary land registration. This type of research is normative legal research, namely legal research conducted by examining library materials or secondary data. In this research, examining Permen ATR / BPN number 14 of 2024 as well as journals and books related to customary land. Keywords: Customary Land, Registration of Customary Land, Permen ATR / BPN No.14 of 2024 Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (ivana novrinda rambe)

56	Law	ABS-32
The Development of Copyright in Fiduciary Guarantee Law in Sharia Bank Financing Agreements Marsella (a*), Saidin (b), Jelly Leviza (b), Utary Maharani Barus (b), Rosmalinda (b) a) Faculty of Law, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Universitas 19, Medan 20132, Indonesia *fh[at]usu.ac.id b) Faculty of Law, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Universitas 19, Medan 20132, Indonesia *fh[at]usu.ac.id Abstract This research explores the use of copyright as fiduciary collateral in Islamic banking financing in Indonesia. The background is the growing creative economy in Indonesia, which produces many copyrighted works, driving the need for innovative financing solutions in Islamic banking. The aim is to understand the legal basis for using copyright as fiduciary collateral, evaluate its implementation, and identify challenges and opportunities in the field. The research method uses a qualitative approach with literature study techniques, in-depth interviews, and legal document analysis. The results show that the legal basis is available, but implementation is still limited due to a lack of understanding of copyright valuation, technical complexities in collateral execution, and Sharia challenges such as ensuring fairness. Education and socialization need to be enhanced to maximize the benefits of copyright as fiduciary collateral for the creative industry and Islamic banks. Thus, this research highlights the significant potential of copyright as fiduciary collateral with a more structured approach to support the growth of the creative economy in Indonesia. Keywords: Copyright, Fiduciary Collateral, Islamic Bank Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Marsella Marsella)

57	Law	ABS-33
LEGAL PROTECTION FOR PERPETRATORS BEGAL OF MURDER ON THE BASIS OF FORCED DEFENSE Rizki Rahmania (a*), M. Gaussyah(b), Mohd. Din(c), Mahmud Mulyadi(d), Rosmalinda(e) a) Faculty of Law, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Universitas 19, Medan 20132, Indonesia *fh[at]usu.ac.id b) Faculty of Law, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jalan Putroe Phang 1, Aceh 23111 *hukum[at]usk.ac.id Abstract A criminal act is an act that is prohibited by law and is subject to sanctions. Not all acts that violate the provisions of the law can be convicted, as contained in article 49 of the Criminal Code which was once called a criminal penalty. A person who is a victim of a criminal act of ransom in an affected situation which threatens his life who commits the act shall not be punished. This research was conducted with the aim of revealing how an act can be categorized as a defense and how is the legal protection for the perpetrator of murder on the basis of defense. The research used is normative legal research. The results of this study indicated that an act which states that it cannot be charged in accordance with Article 49 of the Criminal Code, is that a criminal act is committed in a threatening situation or an immediate attack, such as a victim of tampering with self-defense. Judges as law enforcers who examine and decide on evidence that can see evidence of the perpetrator^s actions of self-defense that meet the elements of the defense. The judge also considered the reasons for the offender that could make it easier, especially since the perpetrator who did self-defense was still classified as a child. To law enforcement officials, judges in defending offenders who pay more attention to someone who is doing it so that justice can be created. Keywords: Forced Defense, Murder, Legal Protection Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Rizki Rahmania)

58	Law	ABS-35
The Effectiveness of the Recognition of Customary Forest Areas on Environmental Sustainability and Economic Improvement of the Kasepuhan Kampung Karang Luh Rina Apriani (a), Rai Sri Utami (b) Law Faculty Universitas Pancasila Abstract Land, territory and natural resources are not only viewed as an economic resource for the survival of indigenous peoples, but also identity. The identity of an existence that is contained within a value system social, cultural and spiritual, inherited from generation to generation. With this values, indigenous peoples will continue to strive to maintain and protect their ancestral land. Land is life and Indigenous Peoples inherit the right to control and use land and all natural resources within its territories in accordance with their wisdom. Based on this argument, formal recognition of customary land or forests carried out by the state should still provide space for the practice of customary forest management by indigenous peoples. This paper will draw on the recognition of customary forest of Kasepuhan Kampung Karang. Wheter this recognition gives them the autonomy in the use of forest resources and resulting in the improvement of the community^s economy or instead the recognition only works formally without bringing a substantial impact on people^s lives and forest sustainability. The application of empirical method, found that the recognition of the Kasepuhan Kampung Karang forest area provides flexibility for Indigenous Peoples to carry out their natural resources management practices. These practices are believed to help preserve the Kasepuhan Kampung Karang area whilst improving the community^s economy. Keywords: customary forest, natural resources management, kasepuhan kampung karang Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Luh Rina Apriani)

59	Law	ABS-36
Responsiveness of Criminal Law Policy towards the Use of Medical Cannabis in the Perspective of Health Services: A Case Study in Indonesia Just Try to Submit This Sample Abstract Arie Kartika (a*), Mohd. Din (b), Keizerina Devi Azwar (c), Mahmud Mulyadi (c), Robert (c) a) Faculty Of Law, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Universitas 19, Medan 20132, Indonesia *fh[at]usu.ac.id b) Faculty of Law, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jalan Putroe Phang No.1, Kota Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia *hukum[at]usk.ac.id c) Faculty Of Law, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Universitas 19, Medan 20132, Indonesia *fh[at]usu.ac.id Abstract Technological developments in the pharmaceutical field have shown significant benefits from compounds contained in cannabis plant extracts, such as Cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD) dan Tetrahidrocanabinol (THC), to treat pain, glaucoma, reduce the frequency of seizures in epilepsy patients, pain medication in cancer, convulsions, and certain autoimmune disorders. Criminal law policy in Indonesia still defines cannabis as Class I Narcotics, this is regulated in Article 6 Paragraph (1) letter a, Article 8 Paragraph (1), Article 111 Paragraphs (1) and (2) of Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, so that its use for medical purposes is prohibited. This policy is inversely proportional to global trends that have begun to legalise medical cannabis, such as several countries in the United States and European countries. This research aims to analyse Indonesia^s criminal law policy that has not been responsive to the development of people^s medical needs and compare the legal framework of medical cannabis in several countries. The research method uses a qualitative approach with comparative studies, legislative analysis, and constitutional studies of legal policies in countries with Common Law (Canada and Florida) and Civil Law (Germany and Belgium) systems. Secondary data used was obtained from various international reports, journals, case studies, and national/international regulations related to medical cannabis. The results show that countries with Common Law and Civil Law systems that have legalised medical cannabis implement policies that pay attention to the quality of health provision, ensure the protection of patient rights, the availability of equitable access and remain committed to enforcing criminal sanctions against regulatory violations, such as possession of excessive amounts of cannabis, unlicensed distribution and illicit trafficking. On the other hand, criminal law policy in Indonesia has not accommodated the utilisation of medical cannabis, thus creating inequality in access to health care for patients in need. This unresponsiveness of legal policy results in public fear of criminal sanctions, and ultimately patients^ access to necessary treatment contradicts constitutional rights based on Article 28H Paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution guaranteeing the right of every citizen to obtain health services. The prohibition on the use of medical cannabis can be considered a barrier to patients who need adequate health services. The use of medical cannabis as a primary and advanced health effort can provide effective solutions for various medical conditions. This implementation must also be balanced with risk mitigation and interactions with other drugs. As an implication, the Indonesian government needs to evaluate and change criminal law policies related to cannabis for medical purposes by considering aspects of public health, the experience of other countries, and the protection of patient rights in order to create a more adaptive and effective legal framework. Responsive policies will accommodate the needs of patients to get safe and legal access to medical cannabis, as well as guarantee health services by taking into account the reasons for the needs of doctors, patients, and the wider community without nondiscrimination so as to realise primary health services, and hope for the implementation of health efforts in terms of safe guarding addictive substances that are harmonious and synchronised with Indonesian criminal law policies. Keywords: Medical Cannabis, Criminal Law Policy, Health Services, Responsiveness Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Arie Kartika)

60	Law	ABS-37
Legal Liability for Utilization of Aboveground and Underground Spaces with Different Rights Ownership Status in Indonesia Nurhimmi falahiyati (a*), Muhammad Yamin (a), Maria (a), Oloan Sitorus (b), Rosmalinda (a) a) Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Universitas 19, Medan 20155, Indonesia *nurhimmi19[at]gmail.com b) Kementrian Agraria Dan Tata Ruang/ Badan Pertanahan Nasional, Indonesia Abstract This research aims to analyze the responsibility for the utilization of space above ground and underground, where the ownership rights status differs. The background of this study focuses on the existence of buildings that require space within the earth^s body, which is physically unrelated to the structures on the surface, as well as the differences in ownership and utilization. In this context, a critical question arises regarding how the rights holders are accountable for the utilization of such spaces. The research employs a normative legal approach, examining the applicable legal norms. The findings indicate that the responsibility of land rights holders encompasses various dimensions, including legal compliance with existing regulations, protection of the rights of affected communities, legal recognition of legitimate ownership, and socio-economic contributions to the surrounding society. This study is expected to contribute to the development of fairer and more sustainable land policy, as well as to enhance awareness of the importance of accountability in the utilization of spaces with differing ownership statuses. The findings are anticipated to serve as a reference for stakeholders in the more effective and responsible management of land and underground spaces, ultimately promoting a balanced approach to land use and ownership rights. Keywords: rights, space, underground, above ground, land Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (nurhimmi falahiyati)

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