Indonesia^s Ecosystem Mangrove: Status, Challenges, Management For Climate Change Mitigation David G.K. Ketaren1*, Agus Mochamad Ramdhan2, Ivonne Milichristi Radjawane3
1 Graduate Student in. Earth Sciences, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Insititute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
2 Environmental and Applied Oceanography Research Group, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Insititute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
3 Geological Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Insititute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: davidtpaitb[at]yahoo.com
Abstract
Indonesias commitment to improve mangrove ecosystem governance has resulted in a number of innovative policies and actions that lead to conservation and restoration programs on a national scale. However, mangrove ecosystem management still faces various challenges that require a comprehensive review and assessment of the policies outlined in the programs and actions of mangrove ecosystem management strategies in Indonesia, especially in the context of conservation and mangrove ecosystem services for climate change mitigation. This study aims to evaluate the status, problems and mechanisms of mangrove management in each province in Indonesia, as well as policy strategies for each province and nationally. The study used a qualitative method approach through summarizing primary research results to present more comprehensive and balanced facts. Data and information collected over the last five years shows that the status of the mangrove ecosystem in 14 provinces is still partly dense (density above 90%). The condition status of mangrove ecosystems is still partially intact, which exists in 14 provinces. Significant challenges arise from land conflicts, land use change, and suboptimal coastal area management. The results of the qualitative analysis show that mangrove ecosystems are present in 37 provinces in Indonesia. The main problems that pose challenges to mangrove ecosystem management have been categorized into: 1) land acquisition for settlement (22 provinces)- 2) land acquisition for pond expansion (21 provinces), 3) illegal logging for timber (13 provinces)- acquisition for oil palm plantation (4 provinces), industrial estate development (3 provinces). An analysis of mangrove-related regulations in Indonesia shows that although there are policies governing the protection and utilization of mangrove ecosystems, their implementation is still less effective, especially in addressing land conflicts and preventing illegal land conversion. Mangrove ecosystem management programs, especially those related to conservation for climate change mitigation, are still unable to solve the main problems that threaten the sustainability of this ecosystem. Management in 34 provinces requires a collaborative and integrative approach to mangrove ecosystem management that must be supported by strong regulations and the utilization of the latest monitoring and control technology. Mangrove ecosystem management through a collaborative and participatory approach has been implemented. However, enforcement of regulations and the utilization of the monitoring technology are still hardly implemented in the management of mangrove ecosystems.
