Analysis of Damage and Losses to Education and Health Facilities Caused by Tsunamis in Coastal Areas of North Sulawesi
Riantini Virtriana, Muhammad Rizky Altasya, Irwan Meilano, Wiwin Windupranata

Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Institute of Technology Bandung

Abstract

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Indonesia has experienced a total of 246 tsunami events from the year 416 to 2018. In recent years, the Central Sulawesi region has faced various natural disasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, and liquefaction. A magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck Palu and Donggala, resulting in significant impacts. This disaster caused moderate damage to 2,736 school units and severe damage to 22 units, which included hospitals and health centers.

Areas near the earthquake epicenter are particularly prone to tsunami threats, especially the Minahasa Islands, the northern part of Mongondow, and the northern part of Gorontalo. The North Coast of North Sulawesi and Gorontalo is predicted to have a high vulnerability to tsunamis. Megathrust earthquakes, resulting from plate movements in the sea, are the primary sources of potential tsunamis in the region. A tsunami inundation map was generated using modeled tsunami scenarios comprising 22 scenarios, with two types: predictive and historical. Predictive scenarios are based on the potential occurrence of the largest earthquake magnitudes, while historical scenarios are based on past earthquake events.

Tsunami incidents inevitably affect buildings with high economic value and functionality. This research aims to calculate the damage and economic loss to educational and healthcare facilities. Three crucial factors contribute to vulnerability in healthcare facilities: design specifications for building structures, site selection, and materials, all of which should adhere to standards for withstanding natural disasters. Policymakers must consider this risk and implement measures, including assessing the risk of residing in permanent buildings in tsunami-prone areas.

Calculating the vulnerability of buildings to disaster-induced damage is essential for preparing anticipatory measures that can minimize economic losses. Data availability is crucial for determining damage and economic losses due to tsunami disasters. This assessment depends on data from potential tsunami hazards, including administrative boundary data, exposure, tsunami hazard data, building prices, and vulnerability curves. This data can estimate the level of damage and economic losses in the research area.

The method used for determining damage involves curve fitting based on the vulnerability curve of the 2006 Pangandaran tsunami. The dominant taxonomy structure for both school and health buildings in all sub-districts is the one-story MCF taxonomy. The total number of damaged educational facilities is 412, and for health facilities, it is 9, due to the tsunami disaster. Economic losses are calculated from the damage index, HSGBN, and the total building area. The total economic loss for school buildings is estimated to be 732.8 billion, while the total economic loss for health facility buildings is estimated to be 26.25 billion, caused by the tsunami disaster.

Keywords: Tsunami, Building Damage Detection, Risk Assessment, School Building, Health Facility

Topic: Interdisciplinary Earth Science and Technology