A Comprehensive Exploration of the Gender Pay Gap in Portugal^s Informal Economies Bambang Hadi Prabowo, Diah Rusminingsih, Suryaning Bawono, Ike Ratnasari
STIE Jaya Negara Tamansiswa Malang, Indonesia
STIE Kertanegara Malang, Indonesia
Abstract
This research investigates the gender pay gap within Portugal^s informal economies, analyzing data spanning the years 2005 to 2020 using Vector Error Correction Models (VECM). The study focuses on four key variables: Employers (total), Wage and salaried workers (female), Wage and salaried workers (male), and Educational attainment at least completed upper secondary population 25+ on age. The findings reveal nuanced relationships among these variables- Educational Attainment (EA) positively impacts the total number of employers within Portugal^s informal economies. A significant correlation exists between EA and Wage and Salaried Workers (Female), albeit with complex dynamics. Similarly, EA correlates with Wage and Salaried Workers (Male), though the influence is less pronounced. EA also demonstrates a significant association with Educational Attainment at least completed upper secondary population 25+ (ET). These results underscore the multifaceted nature of the gender pay gap within informal economies, influenced by a variety of factors beyond education. Policymakers and stakeholders should consider these findings when designing strategies to promote gender equality in this critical sector, recognizing the need for comprehensive and context-specific approaches. Further research is encouraged to deepen our understanding of this persistent issue and inform evidence-based interventions.
