Influence of Household Wealth and Parental Practice on Early-Grade Students Outcomes in Indonesian Primary Schools
Kaori Uchiyama

Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University

Abstract

Education is a strong driver for economic development and one of the most effective ways to accumulate human capita. Especially, primary education has been an essential topic for academic researchers and policy-makers. Numerous previous studies show that education at the primary level is the most critical period for building children fundamental academic knowledge.
The net enrollment rates for primary education is over 90%. Howver, even though Indonesia has made a significant achievement in enrollments, student outcomes in schools are of concern. PISA 2018 in Indonesia shows that Indonesia scored about 100 points behind the global average in every subject. Therefore, more research address to students academic and non-academic outcomes.
Therefore, this study shows the relationship between household wealth, parental practice, and students language skills, mathematical skills, and social-emotional skills.
For this research, secondary data from a project named Early Childhood Education and Development (ECED) Impact Evaluation, 2016, Round 4 is used. Sampling included 310 villages in 9 districts of Indonesia. The association between household wealth, parental practice and studentsacademic and non-academic outcomes are quantitively analyzed by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Model and Structure Equation Modeling (SEM).
This study finds household wealth and parental practice are the predictors of students outcomes. Household wealth is strongly associated with student academic outcomes measured by language and mathematical test scores and it has a moderate association with non-academic outcomes measured by social-emotional skills. On the contrary, parental practice is significantly associated with social-emotional skills, and a moderate association is found with academic outcomes. This study also finds that social-emotional outcomes boost academic outcomes.

Keywords: Primary Education, Indonesia, Language Skills, Mathematical Skills, Social-emotional Skills

Topic: Development economics